Psychopathology Paper Essay

Over thetwelvemonths,scientists and mental wellness professionals gain made great strides in the discourse of psychological throw out of kilters. For example, advances in psychopharmacology have led to the phylogeny of drugs that relieve severe symptoms of mental illness. Clinical psychologyis dedicated to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses and former(a) wound up or airal turnovers. More psychologists work in this theater than in every another(prenominal) set-back of psychology. In hospitals, community clinics, schools, and in private practice, they purpose interviews and tests to diagnose depression, anxiety complaints, schizophrenic disorder, and other mental illnesses. tidy sum with these psychological overturns frequently suffer terribly. They birth strike symptoms that put to work it difficult for them to work, relate to others, and cope with the demands of terrestrial life. Clinical psychologists usu eachy hobo non prescribe drugs, s carce they a good deal work in collaboration with a uncomplainings physician. Drug treatment is often unite with psychotherapy, a form of intervention that relies primarily on verbal communication to treat emotional or behavioral paradoxs. Over the years, psychologists have learned umteen different forms of psychotherapy. Some forms, such as psychoanalysis, snap on resolving internal, unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood and out departure experiences. Other forms, such as cognitive and behavioral therapies, focus more(prenominal) on the persons current level of operate and try to religious service the single change distressing thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. The fieldofcounseling psychology is closely related to clinical psychology. Counseling psychologists whitethorn treat mental disorders, but they more greensly treat plurality with less-severe try-on problems related to marriage, family, school, or rusher. Many other types of professionals fright for an d treat sight with psychological disorders, including psychiatrists, psychiatric complaisant workers, and psychiatric nurses. As a psychiatric wellness nurse we works closely with other disciplines to pay back at the most appropriate plan of cargon for the invitee and the family. The physicians responsibility is to make a medical diagnosis when there is equal support to determine that a psychiatric problem is make. The taxonomy used to make the medical diagnosis is the diagnostic and Statistical Manual, commonly called the DSM-III-R of the American Psychiatric Association.The DSM-III-R uses a biopsycho fond perspective but is considered atheoretical, so that it can be readily accepted and used by all who diagnose the psychiatric lymph gland. The nurse assists the process by sharing important information about the invitee from the nursing history, mental status assessment, and daily observations. A working copeledge of the DSM-III-R is important in maximising the team effo rt to help the client. Knowledge of the criteria willing help the nurse for deciding on a particular medical diagnosis found in the DSM III-R whitethorn help the nurse in do a clinical condition about a nursing diagnosis. The DSM-III-R is a multiaxial system. The diagnostic criteria atomic number 18 inclusive for each diagnosis and allow room for psyche differences deep down a course of behavior by including phrases such as at least whizz of the next or for at least 6 months. Five axes constitute the format for a bring to pass psychiatric diagnosis. A five digit cryptograph system is used for the first three axes. bloc I comprises the major mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar illness, and substance abuse disorders. A disorder of this nature is usually the main reason the client is seeking help. On the other hand, axis II comprises the character disorders and developmental disorders such as paranoid record disorder, schizotypal character temper disorder, s chizotypal spirit disorder, b atomic number 18(a) temperament disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.This axis separates the patterns of lifestyle and coping that have developed from childhood from the more acute manifestation of behavior in the major mental disorders. bloc III indicates the related bodily disorders and conditions that may be influencing the clients repartee to the psychiatric problems such fro example, asthma, gastric ulcer, or diabetes. Axis IV indicates the severity of the psychosocial stressors over the past year such as anticipated retirement, natural tragedy and change in residence with loss of arrive at with friends. The Axis V represents the global assessment functioning (GAF) some(prenominal) currently and over the preceding year. So how does Axis I differ from Axis II? Now lets try to equalize and contrast their similarities as well as their differences. infra Class A Axis II be the personality disorders paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder.Personality is vital to defining who we argon as individuals. It involves a unique blend of traitsincluding attitudes, thoughts, behaviors, and moodsas well as how we express these traits in our contacts with other people and the world around us. Some characteristics of an individuals personality ar inherited, and some are shaped by life events and experiences. A personality disorder can develop if certain personality traits become too rigid and inflexible.People with personality disorders have long-standing patterns of thought process and acting that differ from what conjunction considers usual or normal. The inflexibility of their personality can cause great distress, and can interfere with more areas of life, including social and work functioning. People with personality disorders in the main also have poor coping skills and difficulty forming healthy relationships.Unlike people with anxiety disorders, who know they have a problem but are unable to control it, people with personality disorders for the most part are not aware that they have a problem and do not believe they have anything to control. Because they do not believe they have a disorder, people with personality disorders often do not seek treatment. A paranoid personality disorder applies to a person who displays pervasive and long-standing suspiciousness. This suspicious pattern affects perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral functions in specific fashions. In persons with paranoid personalities, perception is passing acute, intense and narrowly focused in hunt of clues or the real meaning behind others behavior or life events in general.In a cognitive side, the great perceptual manipulateion is present in paranoid personality. cognitive disturbances may range from transient ideas of reference, in which a person believe others are giving them specific attention or gossiping about them foreign Manic disorder th e client is easy going and friendly. The paranoid persons affective sports stadium reflects a lack of basic trust, extreme suspiciousness, hawk-eyed mistrust, guardedness and hostility.Typically, paranoid person assume a callous, unappealing approach to others in an effort to purge themselves of any tendencies to experience humor or affectionate and bid feelings. For the most part, they remain coldly reserved and on the periphery of events, seldom mixing smoothly with people in social situation, remaining withdrawn, distant and penny-pinching instead. Rarely do they take care relaxed and unguarded.Unlike with Axis I phrenetic bipolar disorder, Manic clients are self-satisfied, confident and aggressive and feel on go crossways of the world and in control of their destinies, paranoid patient are reserved type magic spell manic is transparent, the manic clients remarks are very similar to exonerate associations, disorganized and incoherent. Manic client is full of compulsi ve schemes and exaggerations while a paranoid person often engages in verbal interchanges designed to test others honesty. The electrical capacity of their verbalization usually reflects themes of blame, deceit, control, persecution and self-aggrandizement. Similarities of manic and paranoid personality disorder are that they look hypervigilant, mobilized and prepared for attack. socially detached, shy and introverted persons may be exposit as having schizoid personality disorder while Schizophrenia is psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, affect, behavior and communication lasting longer than 6 months. schizoid refers to persons exhibiting perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioral patterns that fall within the healthier end of the schizophrenic spectrum. This personality disorder differs from schizotypal personality disorder in that the latters symptomatology more closely resembles schizophrenia.In contrast to both schizotypals and schizo phrenics, schizoid personalities do not demonstrate suspicious or eccentric perceptual, cognitive and behavioral patterns. Persons with schizoid personalities exhibit a distort pattern of perception, characterized by a reduced ability to attend, select, differentiate and fall apart adequately between and among interpersonal and social arresting inputs while the perception of Depressive disorder clients may be distorted too because of their intense affective states. They comprehend the world as strange and unnatural.For instance, a client with deep guilt feelings may interpret the conk of wind in the trees as reproaching portions (illusion) the severely discourage client may less frequently experience head games. Auditory hallucination may be present such as a client may hear voices blaming her or telling her that she is worthless. Illusion and hallucination do not occur in Schizoid personality disorder. They are able to recognize humans despite their faulty interpersonal o r social perception.Schizotypal personality disorder is one of a group of conditions called eccentric personality disorders. People with these disorders often appear odd or peculiar. They might display eccentric persuasion patterns, behaviors, or appearances. People with schizotypal personality disorder might have odd beliefs or superstitions. These individuals are unable to form close relationships and tend to distort reality. In this respect, schizotypal personality disorder can seem like a mild form of schizophreniaa serious brain disorder that distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. In rare cases, people with schizotypal personality disorder can eventually develop schizophrenia.Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way, being suspicious and paranoid, being self-conscious or anxious in social situations because of their distrustfulne ss of others, having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy, assist to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices), having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic), Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming, upkeep to be stiff and awkward when relating to others, coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold.Hallucination, and illusion may not be present in schizotypal personality disorder but it is always present in Schizophrenia. There is lack deterioration of functioning in schizopherenia while their no huge deterioration is schizotypal personality, they are also in touch with reality and they are aware of their eccentricities and their deterioration is occurring within a cartridge clip frame while Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in peopleaged 17-35 years, delusions, false personal beliefs held with execration in spite o f reason or exhibit to the contrary, not explained bythat persons ethnic contextis present.Their is hallucinations,perceptions (can besound, sight, touch, smell, or taste) that occur in the absence of an actual external stimulus(Auditory hallucinations, those of voice or other sounds,are the most common type of hallucinationsin schizophrenia, disorganized, thoughts and behaviors, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior are also manifested.Literature CitedMillion, Theodore & Davis Roger. (1996). Disorders of Personality DSM IV and Beyond.Published by Wiley.Kaplan, Harold, M.D & Saddock, Benjamin, M.D. (1990). Modern Synopsis of Psychiatry. physician USA. The Williams and Wilkins CompanyIntroduction to Personality Disorder. Capella University. Retrieved demonstrate 11, 2008 from http//www.mentalhelp.net/poc/center_index.php?id=8Personality Disorder. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2Schizophrenia. PSY web. Retrieved March 11, 2008 from http//psyweb.com/Mdisord/jsp/schid.jspAbout Clinical Psychology. American psychological Association. Retrieved March 13,2008 from http//www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html