Saturday, May 23, 2020

Propaganda Spewed From The Capital - 998 Words

For the next two years leading up to April 6, 1994, propaganda spewed from the capital. Tactics were used to create suspicion, stir up fear of another attack by the FPR and unite the Hutus under a common hatred for the Tutsis. The government was propagating a campaign: the â€Å"aim both to win over the uncommitted and to cause divisions among supporters of the other point of view. They must persuade the public that the adversary stands for war, death, slavery, repression, injustice, and sadistic cruelty† (Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J., 1999). â€Å"The Hutu extremists promoted their anti-Tutsi agenda...via newspapers and radio stations† (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2016). The government used newspapers, such as the†¦show more content†¦The following day, Prime Minister of Rwanda, Agathe Uwilingiyimana was assassinated, as she was a moderate Hutu. Moderate Hutus, Hutus who opposed or did not support the regime in Rwanda, Hutus or foreigners who had business or personal relationships with Tutsis, unemployed people, and all Tutsis were considered the enemy of the government of Rwanda. Militia members the Rwandan Army began attacks all across Rwanda with efficiency, first starting in Kigali and the northwestern city of Gisenyi. â€Å"By Monday, April 11, an estimated 20,000 Rwandans had been slain, the vast majority of them Tutsi. But†¦ many Hutu also feared for their lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J., 1999). Nowhere was safe. â€Å"At first assailants generally operated in small bands and killed their victims where they found them, in their homes, on the streets, at the barriers. But, as early as the evening of April 7, larger groups seized the opportunity for more intensive slaughter as frightened Tutsi—and some Hutu—fled to churches, schools, hospitals, and government offices that had offered refuge in the past† (1999). There the killers found thousands of Tutsi men, women, and children, and killed, raped, and tortured them. â€Å"From April 11 to the first of May, killers carried out the most devastati ng massacres of the genocide, in some cases slaying hundreds or even thousands of people in one or two days† (1999). Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J. goShow MoreRelatedAnother Failure Of The Secretariat Was That The Unamir1593 Words   |  7 Pagesand a request for more troops to prevent a massacre, he was in instead given unclear or simple no directions. (11) This left the force unable to defence civilians, and themselves, and gave the Blue Helmets absolutely no chance to stop the killings from occurring. (2) The International community failed to provide what they stated would accompany the UNAMIR mission, which even before this failure would not have been equipped to handle a genocide in Rwanda. They were promised twenty-two armoured personnelRead More Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay6707 Words   |  27 PagesMass Manipulation and Genocide: The Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda War and conquest have been among the most enduring traits of humankind throughout the ages. While we would all like to believe that we are, by nature, a peaceful species, we still understand there are some things worth fighting for, and given the appropriate context, there are some things worth killing for. As reasoning beings, we hope that if violence is the only option it is for a clear and legitimate purpose.Read More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesIp Anonymous Anonymous Cabin Kim 209 212 215 218 220 222 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The motivation to create the second edition of 65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays came from a recent rise in business school applications. With an abundance of qualified candidates to choose from, admissions officers can be more selective, making admission to top schools even more challenging for applicants. The Harbus, the Harvard Business School weekly student newspaper, recognizes that

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

How to Say And in Mandarin

Some English words have several possible Mandarin Chinese translations. Knowing when to use the correct word is one of the main challenges for both beginner-level Mandarin students and professional translators alike. For example, the English word for can has at least three possible Mandarin translations: èÆ' ½ (nà ©ng), Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥ (kÄ› yÇ ), and ä ¼Å¡ (huà ¬). Another English word with multiple translations is â€Å"and.† You may think that there can be no possible variations for and, but there are many different meanings for this word. It depends on the subtle nuances of the speaker or writers meaning or the context in which this conjunction is used. Joining Nouns In sentences that combine nouns or noun phrases, there are three ways to say and. All three of these connectors are interchangeable and commonly used. They are: Hà ©Ã¢    : å’Å'Hà  n⠁   : å’Å'GÄ“n⠁   : è ·Å¸ Note that hà © and hà  n use the same character. The hà  n pronunciation is most commonly heard in Taiwan. The example sentences are given first in English, followed by a transliteration in Chinese called  pinyin,  a Romanization system used to help beginners learn Mandarin. Pinyan  transcribes the sounds of Mandarin using the Roman  alphabet. Pinyin is most commonly used in Mainland China for teaching school children to read and it is also widely used in teaching materials designed for Westerners who wish to learn Mandarin.  The sentences are then listed in Chinese characters in traditional and simplified forms where appropriate. He and I are colleagues.WÇ’ hà  n tÄ  shà ¬ tà ³ngshà ¬.我å’Å'ä »â€"æ˜ ¯Ã¥ Å'ä ºâ€¹ Both pineapple and mango are good to eat.Fà ¨nglà ­ hà © mà ¡ngguÇ’ dÃ… u hÄ›n hÇŽo chÄ «.(traditional form) é ³ ³Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ'(simplified form) å‡ ¤Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ' She and mom went for a walk.TÄ  gÄ“n mÄ ma qà ¹ guà  ng jiÄ“.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€" This pair of shoes and that pair of shoes are the same price.Zhà ¨ shuÄ ng xià © gÄ“n nà   shuÄ ng xià © jià  qian yà ­yà  ng.這雙鞋è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã©â€ºâ„¢Ã©Å¾â€¹Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã©Å' ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¨ £Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥ Å'éž‹è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã¥ Å'éž‹ä » ·Ã©â€™ ±Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   · Joining Verbs The Mandarin Chinese character ä ¹Å¸ (yÄ›) is used to join verbs or verb phrases. It translates as either â€Å"and† or â€Å"also.† I like to watch movies and listen to music.WÇ’ xÇ huan kà  n dià  nyÇ ng yÄ› xÇ huan tÄ «ng yÄ «nyuà ¨.我åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¨  ½Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥  ¬Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹  He doesn’t like to go for walks and he doesn’t like to exercise.TÄ  bà ¹ xÇ huan guà  ng jiÄ“ yÄ› bà ¹ xÇ huan yà ¹ndà ²ng.ä »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã© â€¹Ã¥â€¹â€¢Ã¤ »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨ Other Transition Words There are a few Mandarin Chinese words that can be translated as â€Å"and,† but which more accurately mean â€Å"furthermore, â€Å"moreover,† or other such transition words. These words are sometimes used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between the two phrases. Chinese transition words include: Ér qiÄ› - è€Å'ä ¸â€: additionally  Bà ¬ng qiÄ› - ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional) / Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified): and; moreoverRà ¡n hà ²u - ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å' / ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½: and thenYÇ  hà ²u - ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å' / ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½: and afterHà ¡i yÇ’u -  Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ / è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰: even more; on top of thatCÇ  wà  i -  Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€": furthermore Ér qiÄ› è€Å'ä ¸â€ additionally Bà ¬ng qiÄ› ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional)Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified) andmoreover Rà ¡n hà ²u ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½ and then YÇ  hà ²u ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½ and after Hà ¡i yÇ’u é‚„æÅ"‰è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰ even moreon top of that CÇ  wà  i æ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€" furthermore Sentence Examples of Transition Words As noted, the particular form of and that you use in Mandarin Chinese depends heavily on the context and meaning of the word. It can be helpful, therefore, to peruse some example sentences to see how the different forms of and are used in various contexts. This is a very good movie and (moreover) the music is very nice.Zhà ¨ bà ¹ dià  nyÇ ng hÄ›nhÇŽokà  n à ©rqiÄ› yÄ «nyuà ¨ hÄ›nhÇŽo tÄ «ng.這éÆ' ¨Ã©â€º »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¨  ½Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã©Æ' ¨Ã§â€ µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥  ¬ This knapsack is very practical and (furthermore) the price is reasonable.Zhà ¨gà ¨ fà ¡ngshuÇ  bÄ“ibÄ o hÄ›n shà ­yà ²ng bà ¬ngqiÄ› jià  gà © hà ©lÇ .這個é˜ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¯ ¦Ã§â€ ¨Ã¤ ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€ Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ©Ëœ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¤ » ·Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€  We can first go have dinner and then see a movie.WÇ’men xiÄ n qà ¹ chÄ « wÇŽncÄ n rà ¡nhà ²u zà  i qà ¹ kà  n dià  nyÇ ng.我們先åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'å† Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¥â€  Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ± Eat dinner, and then you can eat dessert.ChÄ « wà ¡n wÇŽncÄ n yÇ hà ²u jià ¹ nà ©ng chÄ « tià ¡n diÇŽn.Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"é »Å¾Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"ç‚ ¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Im cold because I didnt wear enough clothes, and on top of that its snowing now.WÇ’ lÄ›ng yÄ «nwà ¨i wÇ’ chuÄ n bà ¹gà ²u yÄ «fà º, hà ¡i yÇ’u xià  nzà  i xià   xuÄ›le.我å† ·Ã¥â€º  Ã§â€š ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤  Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ç  ¾Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€  ·Ã¥â€º  Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤Å¸Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰çŽ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š Lets quickly go see the cherry blossoms. The weather is nice today, furthermore it will rain tomorrow.WÇ’men kuà  i qà ¹ kà  n yÄ «nghuÄ . TiÄ nqà ¬ hÄ›n hÇŽo, cÇ wà  i mà ­ngtiÄ n huà ¬ xià   yÇ”.我們å ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ « »Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¦Å"Æ'ä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ ¨ ±Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€š

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Description and Analysis of the Different Types of Gangs...

Historically, gangs began to develop around the time frame of the 1970’s. Irish gangs have been known to be the first initial gang, followed by the Germans, Jewish, and Italians (Pacheco, 2010, p. 10). Gangs are larger in population and tend to be more prevalent in the United States, compared to other countries. In 2008, statistics showed that there were 20,000 active gangs and more than 1 million gang members in the United States (Pacheco, 2010, p. 12). According to Pacheco (2010) there are different types of gangs. Although these gangs are formed for individual purposes, broken up, they can form a multitude of different types of gangs. There are your traditional gangs (Crips, Bloods). Business, profit gangs, which are generated†¦show more content†¦They tend to wear specific tattoos and clothing. These individuals concerns are more profit than turf oriented. They are often involved in drug trafficking, extortion, auto theft, home invasions, and insurance fra ud. Law enforcement has more difficulty investigating these gangs due to language barriers, and lack of culture oriented undercover agents. Initiation into Asian gangs usually involves committing some sort of crime (Walker, 2013). There are various African American gangs such as: Crips and Bloods, Bounty Hunter Bloods, Black Guerilla Family, and Black Disciples etc.†¦ The most common known African American gangs are the Crips and Bloods. They are known to be involved in robberies, drive by shootings, murders, assaults, burglaries, and drug trafficking. They wear specific clothing based on certain colors, and have tattoos that relate to their gang. The ages of these members varies dramatically from very young to middle aged individuals. Initiation can take on a multitude of forms (Walker, 2013). Most of these gangs main bases of location are California (Los Angeles), Chicago, Washington D.C, and New York. While these are their main populated areas there are many of thes e same gangs in all cities across the United States (Walker, 2013). The criminal justice system has responded by doing long term investigations into these gangsShow MoreRelatedFrom the Graveyard of the Arousal Industry by Justin Pearson1516 Words   |  7 Pagesideology is a set of values held by a particular group with the intended purpose of influencing the behavior of others. More than this, culture is the way in which we express ourselves, and how we share it with the world around us. In this sense, culture is also different from ideology in that the values retained within a specific culture are left open to interpretation and exploration, rather than being urged to be accepted by others. Take Jehovahs Witnesses for example; if you have ever livedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Scott Pruitt And The Environment1538 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of climate change, he is a pro-industry former attorney general of Oklahoma. Epstein dances around rhetoric on both sides of the pola rized climate change debate, creating a discourse which seems unbiased to the casual reader. This rhetorical analysis will strive to keep its proverbial ear to the ground and listen to the elephants hustling in the distance. References leading to right-wing contributors, language that evokes a sense of loss, and taking creative liberty with the exact words of PresidentRead MoreThe Privacy Of A Computer System Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems to arise is phishing, in which e-mails lure unsuspecting victims into giving up user names, passwords, Social Security numbers, and account information after linking to counterfeit bank, credit card, and e-commerce Web sites. So my description and analysis on recent data privacy and security mainly focused on two areas: Big Data and Phishing. Advancement in Technology: Several trends in the technology have led to concerns about privacy. One such trend is to do with hardware that increasesRead MoreThe Problem Of An Ideal Program2897 Words   |  12 Pages An ideal program would be dynamic and be easily facilitated in a group setting. This study will look at one possible aspect that may be included in an ideal program, empathy training. Empathy is seen in two different types, cognitive and emotional. Each gives a different aspect to how the individual processes information. Cognitive empathy would be the decoding and describing emotional states of others, such as facial expression. Emotional empathy would be the responsiveness to another’sRead MoreEnglish for Specific Purposes2243 Words   |  9 Pagesmice and men Gang aft a-gley. (Robert Burns) From its early beginnings in the 1960s ESP has undergone three main phases of development. It is now in a fourth phase with a fifth phase starting to emerge. 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Hernandez-Eva Benitez, Jaclyn Ngan-Sindy, Jason Finn-Marcus, John Benjamin Hickey- Brian Gelsord, Plot Summary The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† is based on aRead MoreWhen Would Different Research Methods be Appropriate in Criminal Justice and Security Management Research?3177 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿When Would Different Research Methods be Appropriate in Criminal Justice and Security Management Research Introduction The social sciences employ three main types of research methodologies: qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed-methods research. Qualitative research is a catch-all term that describes field research within social settings (Saint-Germain, 2002). It does not have a control group or require the researchers to impose variables and is not going to be sufficientRead MoreEffects of Tax Evasion9101 Words   |  37 PagesPublishers. Printed in The Netherlands. 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My concern in this essay is to briefly share my understandings about basic concepts of qualitative research that I gained from my readings on some books on qualitative research methods as well as from the classRead MoreCreativity in Literacy Practices2408 Words   |  10 PagesTHE WAY THAT THEY CONCEPTUALIZE WHAT COUNTS AS CREATIVENESS OR ‘LITERARINESS’ IN LANGUAGE AS WELL AS IN THE METHODS THEY USE TO IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE CREATIVITY IN EVERYDAY LANGUAGE. This essay begins by discussing and exploring the premises of an analysis of creativity at text level following a textual approach to literacy and creativity; assessing the extent to which it is effective in identify creativity in literacy practices such as diaries, letters and graffiti. However, I would like to continue

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

History Of Islam Essay - 1650 Words

When Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in Spain and stopped their advance into greater Europe (Ahmed 67)0, he most likely did not know just how much of an effect his victory had on the history of not only Europe, but of the known world. The fact that Islam may have overtaken the rest of the world had it not been for that crucial battle attests to the strength of this relatively new religion. If the strength of the religion is dependent upon those who start it, then it is important to analyze the life of the one key character in history who began it all. That key character is Muhammad, the man that is known as the first and last true prophet of Islam. Muhammad, the great prophet and founder of Islam, was born in 570 AD, and was soon an†¦show more content†¦On the Last Day, all the dead will be resurrected and either rewarded with heaven or punished with hell. On the last day, or judgment day, the same holds true in Muhammads Islamic teachings as does in modern day Christian beliefs, the dead will be resurrected and either rewarded with heaven or punished with hell. When Muhammad and his followers began to speak out against the pagan and immoral practices in Mecca and began teaching the above doctrine, they threatened the trade brought in by the pilgrims, which enraged the local merchants. Under serious persecution, Muhammad and his followers fled to the town of Medina, 240miles north of Mecca, in 622. This event has become known as the Hegira and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. While in Medina, Muhammad and his men trained not only in religious aspects, but also trained to be mighty warriors. They attacked caravans going to and from Mecca for supplies and new recruits. They gathered more support as the years went on and became a powerful force ready for battle. In630, that battle came. Muhammad and his men attacked and seized Mecca in 630 and destroyed all of the 360 idols within the Kaba, with the exception of the sacred stone, which is still a revered Muslim artifact. It was during the Medina years that the basics of the Islamic beliefs came into focus. Firstly, all followers were to be fair and just in all that they did, includingShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Islam And Islam1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Islam Islam is a religion that was founded in 622 C.E. Its origin is traced to the Arabian Peninsula, and currently has an estimated 1.5 billion followers’ worldwide. The sacred texts that are associated with Islam is the Qur’an and Allah is the Deity they pay homage to. Muslims believe that there is only one true God and several time per day, they stop everything to participate in prayer rituals. The region, in which Islam was founded, was a melting pot of religious beliefs. 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It is described as ‘Deen’ in the Holy Quran which means way of life. The people who follow Islam are known as Muslims and the word itself means the one who surrenders or submits to the will of Allah. Islam was present since forever. Before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), many messengers were sent on this earth to bring people on the right path. All of them preached to worship one God and that the people should consider them theRead MoreHistory and Misinterpretations of Islam2740 Words   |  11 PagesIslam is a widespread religion that is represented in over fifty-seven countries around the world. Muslims primarily originated from the Middle East with great populations in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This dominant religion around the globe makes up the second largest religion behind Christianity. Much of this prevalence is due to the diversity of Islamic practices under Sunni and Shii, wh ich vary in different parts of the world. 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Islam means submission to one god. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. One primary leader of Islam is a man named Muhammad. When an economy began to develop in the Arabian Peninsula and the city of Mecca

Mental Illness Understanding Depression Free Essays

Understanding Depression Cassie McFadden General Psychology Understanding Depression Many mental health disorders may affect one’s life to a point of not being able to function. However, one of the most common is depression which is a mental illness causing continuous lethargy, sadness, and even thoughts of suicide. Like many other health conditions, there are several possible symptoms and the disease is not exactly the same in any two people. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness: Understanding Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the National Institute of Mental Health common symptoms include, but are not limited to sadness, anxiety, or a hollow feeling, feelings of guilt, irritability, lack of interest or participation in previous hobbies or sex, fatigue, lethargy, increased difficulty remembering or concentrating, insomnia or hypersomnia, eating too little or too much, persistent headaches or body aches. Depression can occur in anyone at any point in their life. â€Å"Most likely, depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain. Longstanding theories about depression suggest that important neurotransmitters—chemicals that brain cells use to communicate—are out of balance in depression. But it has been difficult to prove this. † (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012) Although depression is not prejudice and can occur in anyone, women are most commonly affected by the illness. â€Å"Biological, life cycle, hormonal, and psychosocial factors that women experience may be linked to women’s higher depression rate. Researchers have shown that hormones directly affect the brain chemistry that controls emotions and mood. † (National Institute of Mental Health) In conclusion, depression is a very serious illness that affects many people every day. Especially for people suffering from chronic or severe depression, it may seem like there is not any hope. However, depression can be managed with proper medications which will promote a happier and healthier life. References * National Institute of Mental Health (2012). Depression Retrieved from http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/depression/what-causes-depression. shtml How to cite Mental Illness: Understanding Depression, Essay examples

Acid Rain free essay sample

Air pollution causes acid rains. Power plants and other industries generate airborne acids and pollutants, which combine with the rainfall. If the pH value of rain or snow or fog is less than 5.6, it is termed acid rain. Acid rain causes severe damage to the environment and depletes the soil of its nutrients. This affects the growth of trees and renders lakes and rivers less habitable for fish and other animals. The Eastern parts of North America, European region, Japan, China and Southeast Asia are most affected, on account of acid rain (Hart). Despite these negative characteristics, acid pollution has shielded the earth. It has reflected a significant portion of the sunlight, back into the space. Consequently, the process of global warming has slowed down. Many scientists have declared that acid pollution had prevented the early onset of global warming in the Twentieth century (Hart). Industrialization and urbanization generate the highest rate of emission of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. These areas receive frequent acid rains. The acidity of rainfall is directly related to the levels of emissions of pollutants by industries. Therefore, acidic precipitation is caused by the emission of industrial gases and pollutants into the atmosphere. The chief causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which generate sulfuric and nitric acids, due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere (Acid rain ). The burning of fossil emits sulfur dioxide, and this is almost 85% in Europe. Power generating plants and chemical plants produce sulfur dioxide gas. Nitrogen dioxide and Nitrogen oxide are chiefly emitted by thermal power stations that burn fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, like coal, natural gas, and oil produce greenhouse gases, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide on combustion. These oxides combine with water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid (Acid rain ). The acid pollutants reach the higher altitudes of the atmosphere and finally return to the earth as rainfall, snow or fog. Atmospheric processes regulate the transport of acidic substances and their deposit. The chemical and atmospheric processes are interdependent and complex. The physical processes of atmosphere include the transportation of pollutants by the winds and the formation of clouds. Rainfall and deposit of pollutants are controlled by these physical processes, whereas the chemical reactions regulate the formation of different compounds and their deposit (Acid rain ). Acid rains initiate chemical reactions on coming into contact with other objects. They are corrosive in nature and produce an immediate chemical action with other substances. The number of free hydrogen atoms that result from dissolving a substance in water, determines its acidity. The acidity of a substance is measured by the pH scale, which comprises of units from 0 to 14. Substances whose pH value is less than 7 are acidic. On the other hand, alkalis accept hydrogen atoms from acids (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). The action of alkalis is opposite to that of the acids. Alkalis or bases have pH values greater than 7. A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral substance that is neither acidic nor alkaline. Pure water is assigned a pH value of 7 (Park) Acid rains leach the soil of nutrients that are essential for the growth of plants. Toxic substances such as aluminum and mercury are dissolved by acid rain, from the soil of some areas. These dissolved toxins contaminate water sources; and are absorbed by plants, when they take up water. The deposit of acidic substances depends on the nature of the soil. Alkaline soils neutralize acid deposits; whereas thin mountain soils, which are formed by granite or gneiss, temporarily store acid deposits, for a short period (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Acid rain washes away the nutrients from the soil, and this has an adverse effect on the growth of plants and trees. Acid rain bleaches the wax coating of leaves resulting in the development of dead spots in trees. If the number of such spots on a tree increases, then the tree would be unable to perform photosynthesis (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Trees become vulnerable to infections through leaves with dead spots. In this manner, acid rain weakens the trees and exposes them to threats like insect infestations, drought and cold. Acid rains mainly affect forests than farm crops. This is because the soil in farms is capable of neutralizing and absorbing acidic substances in large quantities. However, farm crops in mountain soils depict greater vulnerability to acid rains. The thin soils in those regions cannot neutralize or absorb acidic substances (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide).   Finally, the acid rain reaches streams, lakes and marshes. In winter, the waters are covered with snow; which absorbs toxic substances. In spring, the snow melts and makes the water acidic (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). In general, water has a pH value between 6 and 8. However, in some lakes of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, the pH value of water was found to be less than 5. Scientists have determined that acid rain had causes these waters to become acidic. Aquatic life does not survive in such acidic water. Several of the lakes and ponds in the Adirondack Mountain region of New York State are acidic. This acidity has rendered them bereft of aquatic life (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Streams in the middle Appalachian Mountain range are found to be acidic. Moreover, the major rivers of Norway have become acidic, due to acid rains. As a result, the salmon fish population in these rivers has reduced to a considerable extent (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Land animals that feed on aquatic life would be affected adversely. Furthermore, several research studies have shown that the snail population, in the water that has been contaminated by acid rain was on the decline. In addition, songbirds in the Netherlands feed on snails; and a decrease in the population of snails, would gravely affect these birds, as they would be unable to procure snails to feed themselves. Moreover, the egg shells of songbirds could be weakened, because these birds receive calcium from snail shells. Acid rains damage structures in cities and many historical monuments like the Parthenon in Athens and the Taj Mahal in India have been badly affected by acid pollution (Hart). It has been observed that freshwater clams and mayfly are on the verge of extinction. Moreover, frogs feed on mayflies and their extinction could adversely affect the population of frogs. If the pH level of water approaches 5, fish cannot hatch their eggs. If the pH value of water reaches 4.5, then it becomes sterile water, and is no longer capable of supporting any form of life (Hart). Several countries have made endeavors to mitigate the problem of acid pollution; and to control the emission of sulfuric dioxide, which is the primary cause of acid rains and acid pollution. For instance, in 1985, the Thirty Percent Club was formed by 19 countries. The aim of this club was to reduce emissions by 30% by the end of 1993. The Member States of the European Union have also consented to reduce the emissions of SO2 by 20% (Acid rain. The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia). Wildlife and plants are affected to a significant extent by acid rain. Animals that feed on plants would be deprived of food and the ecological balance would be endangered. Some aquatic species could cease to exist due to acidity. In urban areas, acid rains damage buildings and statues. Urban smog forms due to the combination of acids and other chemical pollutants. People in cities suffer from this pollution, which causes respiratory problems and accelerates their death. Works Cited Acid rain . 2004. 17 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5966921/.. Acid rain. The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. 2005. 18 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5715329/.. Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. 2008. 17 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/8002142/.. Hart, John. Acid Rain. Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Park, Chris C. Acid rain:rhetoric and reality. Taylor Francis, 1987. P. 23.

Friday, May 1, 2020

Compare and Contrast the Views of the State of Nature Held by Hobbes and Locke free essay sample

As the likes of Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke wrote about it, it means man when he was natural in his state of nature, uninfluenced by society, and the temptations of today. There are no rights in a state of nature, only freedom to do as one wishes. It is a term used to illustrate the theoretical condition of civilization before the states foundation in Social Contract Theories. In the dictionary it is described as â€Å"a wild primitive state untouched by civilization. Both Hobbes and Locke discuss the state of nature with the positives and negatives in mind. Thomas Hobbs wonders what life would be like without a government to keep ruling over all of us, and John Locke believed the government should be working for the citizens and protecting them. Throughout my essay I am going to be comparing and contrasting their differences and similarities. I begin my essay by first taking a look at John Locke and his opinions and beliefs. I begin my essay by first taking a look at John Locke and his opinions and beliefs. John Locke lived from 1632 till 1704; during his life he founded the School of Empiricism. He studied at the Westminster School in London; he gained a Bachelor of Medicine in 1674 after having studied at Oxford. He had never married, nor had he children; he died in 1704 after a long demur in his health. Locke published his Second Treatise of Government in 1689 anonymously as it an extremely strong minded piece of Political Philosophy. It outlines a theory based on contract theory and natural rights. In The Second Treatise of Government Locke asks, What State all men are in? What is a State of Nature? From everything I have read, in my opinion, I believe Locke’s idea of state of nature to be a state of paradise, it sounds quite idyllic, no currency worries, no prejudice, no one man is better than the other. What State are all Men in? First of all Locke believed all men were born as equals, with a good and independent nature. It was in 1960 that Locke wrote his Two Treatises of Government, and within this he attacked the theory of Divine right of Kings and the nature of the State, as conceived by Hobbes. I read in detail his Second Treatise of Government and found it an extremely interesting read. Locke has a different view on the State of Nature in contrast to Hobbs; he supposed human nature was characterized by tolerance and reason. Locke believed human nature was what possessed men to act selfish, this is seen with the introduction of currency. Without currency and in a natural state, everyone was equal, â€Å"should also be equal amount another without subordination or subjection † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 8). No one had more or less than the other. Therefore everyone was independent, and reliant on only their selves. Locke wrote: â€Å"For all men it’s a state of perfect freedom to order their actions/as they think fit, within the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending on the will of any other man† Man had the right to do as his wished and that in true nature we are all reasonable beings, and therefore we should use our rationality to live together, not needing a social contract to bind us all, but using reason and instinct to guide us to living peacefully together. What State are all men naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom, to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons. † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 8. ) Locke claimed that a Political Society only came about because people gave up their natural power to protect their property, and gave into the hands of the community. Locke believed it to be the community that punished offences and handled dispute s, for he feared a State of Nature didn’t have everyone’s rights protected, and therefore a Government was needed to protect their three absolute rights. These being Life, Liberty and Property. In summarise, Locke believed a State of Nature was a placed where man makes his own natural laws, no one man has power over the other, this does not, though, give man right to abuse his fellow, and thus leads to there being Natural Law within this State of Nature. He says all men are in a State of Nature until they make a special agreement which in turn makes them a component of a political society. â€Å"But I moreover affirm that all men are naturally in that state, and remain so, till by their own consents they make themselves members of some politic society, and I doubt not in the sequel of this discourse, to make it very clear. (Second Treatise of Government, Page 13/14). Hobbs views A State of Nature in a different way, he views it as a State of War, in which everyman has to fight for himself, meaning that selfishness and self preservation would chair over morality and dignity. â€Å" the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination or by co nfederacy with others that are in the same danger with himself. † (Leviathan). To Hobbs life without a Government would lead to this State of Nature or this State of War as he preferred. In order for man to live beside one another they would need to agree to a Social Contract. His book ‘Leviathan’ was written during the English Civil War and tells us of his doctrine for the groundwork of legitimate governments and societies. Hobbs was born April 1588 and went on the graduate from Oxford, as did Locke. From 1637 he considered himself a philosopher. Hobbs questions what life would be like without a Government, everyone having a right, in Hobbs view would lead to there being a break out of conflict, each man fighting against his fellow. He believes our lives would be solitary, and so to escape this solitary life man must agree to a Social Contract. In Hobbs’s view, we, as a society, are a population underneath a key authority to which all individuals must surrender their natural rights for their own protection. One downfall I see is that any abuse of this power by whoever holds this authority is to be accepted as the price of piece. Which seems somewhat contradictory to me, for surly if the person who held this authority was to abuse this power he posses there were surly be an outcry of war and conflict between him and those that are lower than him. Whereas in A State of Nature, everyone is equal and is to do as they please. Both a State of Nature and having a main authority figure have their consequences and sacrifices. Hobbs main idea was that the Government has been given this colossal responsibility to keep peace at whichever cost, for it was our right, as humans, to life. Oppression and tyranny was tolerable to Hobbs, so long as people’s lives were guarded. With Hobbs, as soon as a Civil Government is formed, this State of Nature, of equality is executed and no longer exists amid individuals, because of the civil power which is around to put into effect contracts. But, between nations, there is no power like this which exists and this leads to war, the nations right to protect and preserve their selves, just as man in a State of Nature possessed. Where Locke differs is that he believes a State of Nature was already a State of War, and in order to defer this from happening a main authority figure was needed to keep the peace and overrule all that was happening. Locke has a somewhat more positive view on a State of Nature; he has faith in man and the individual, believing that naturally we are good natured. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. † (Second Treatise of Government, Page 9). He believes we can all live peacefully together because that is naturally how we want to be. He has a lot of faith in reason, and feels that’s what governs us as men, is our ability to reason, and therefore he thinks we will not harm another, or touch another’s possessions because our reason and natural state tells us otherwise. Hobbs had a darker view, believe that man would act in a more selfish way and would go to many lengths to gain what he wanted. â€Å" and therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies, and in the way to their End (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes their delectation only) endeavour to destroy or subdue another. † (Leviathan). Jealousy, war, the need to have become over powering , man would go as far as to kill to get what he wants in a State of Nature, for there is no overall power to give law as to what is right and wrong. He believed to stop this there would have to be a Government that kept the peace. He believed we would continually be in competition for natural needs like shelter, food etc, and a Government could control the taking of these things. To me this doesn’t sound like a society that anyone would be content in, and Hobbs wrote â€Å"men have no pleasure (but on the contrary a great deal of grief) in keeping company where there is no power able to overawe them all. † (Leviathan). Locke doesn’t feel we need a Government ruling over us because we should have a contracted relationship between ourselves, man, and chosen government authorities. To bring this topic into our current time I shall make an example explaining Locke’s idea. If, for example, Gordon Brown was the suddenly declare that all those of a certain faith were evil and not to be trusted, and ordered for their arrest right away, without any proof they had done wrong or broken the law, then Locke believed people would replace and overthrow Gordon Brown with another Authority figure that would not violate the Social Contract that was agreed n between man and the Government individuals. As I had said before, Hobbs believed man one right was to life, and it was therefore the Governments responsibility to keep the peace and protect us. He felt killing someone in a State of Nature was the same as letting someone live, because to Hobbs in a State of Nature anything is allowed. With no Governm ent setting laws and telling people how to act man can do as he wishes. â€Å"Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice. (Leviathan). But this is where we see Locke having more faith in man, he believed the people within this State of Nature would have their limits on what they believed was right or wrong, what they could or could not do. One example of this is that people within the State of Nature would be allowed to live by whatever life rules they believed in, so long as they did not inflict harm on other people. But I believe this is not how people would live, without one all ruling leader there will always be conflict. Look at our society today, there are many different Governments, with different laws, living by different religions and beliefs, and there is still harm being inflicted upon one another. With one over bearing ruler, one main figure of authority surly all rules and laws would be the same, and therefore we would all have to live as an equal society? In Hobbs view, today we would need one main figure to keep the peace and control what happened, society having to make certain sacrifices. To Locke, I believe he would be shocked at mans, what now seems, instinctive emotion to hurt one another, to protect their selves no matter what. Looking at 9/11, it blows Locke’s theory out of the water, that man may believe in any religion they wish so long as they do not inflict harm on another human, and it somewhat highlights Hobbs theory, that without one authority figure, it is our natural instinct to protect ourselves, this shown with America invading Iraq. A lot of people say that Locke’s State of nature is much nicer than Hobbs, and yes, Hobbs’s idea of a State of Nature isn’t what we would like it to be, but I see Locke’s idea of a State of Nature as a kind of idyllic dream. That isn’t how man is; Hobbs is a lot more realistic in the sense of Society today. Obliviously it is a lot more complicated than just inserting a main Authority figure, but it doesn’t appear the Government and Societies are working to keep peace very well today. I favour very much Hobbs idea of a State of Nature, which he believes to be more a State of War. â€Å"Hereby is it manifest that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war. † (Leviathan). Life would be a constant battle to protect oneself and one’s possessions. With no laws, no one to dictate what is right or wrong, whether we believe it morally to be true or not, there are men who will do what it takes to gain what they want. Self preservation would out rule morals and it would almost certainly be a ‘dog eat dog’ world. However, I would very much like to live in a world, a state, which Locke describes and believes in, but from the way society is today, personal experiences, it’s not hard to see that mans natural ability to not harm another is shadowed somewhat by his desire to take care of his own interests. Thomas Hobbs and John Locke are two of the most significant influences of modern Government. One has complete confidence in man, the other does not. One believes we need one figure that holds all responsibility to keep man at peace with another, one believes a social contract between man and an elected figure is needed to keep peace. Either way you can’t really argue that these two men have had a massive influence on society, it was even said that Locke’s Second Treatise of Government to a great extent influenced the American Declaration of Independence. Though both have a lot of difference in how they view a State of Nature, I also see similarities, the main one being, although different types, they both feel some kind of Government is needed within a State of Nature so there can be boundaries. A world without any kind of Government to set laws and inflict justice would be a world with constant riot, war, and over run with selfishness and man’s one need to keep him alive. To Hobbs, one authority figure would keep the people from a State of Nature and a State of War, but Locke felt this figure was already within this State of Nature, and because of his absolute authority, had put himself in a State of War with the individuals of this civilization. Also, they both believe in mans one right to preserve himself, though Locke has more faith in man in that he will reason with himself and not harm another, whereas Hobbs believes man would go to any lengths to protect himself, even the urder of his fellow man. To Hobbs, in a State of Nature, man determines right and wrong but what he needs and wants, whereas Locke takes on more the view of reason, and right and wrong is determined by mans morals and reasons. But differences aside, without Hobbs influence on Locke’s work political society would be very different today. Hobbs first highlighted Social Contract Theory, and Locke was the first to argue it. The world of politics owes a lot to them.