Case Study Report in Psychology

Need Help In Writing a Case Study in Child Psychology? A case study is one of the research methods which is widely used in different branches of psychology. A case study in psychology involves in-depth investigation of a single person, group or a community. Students are often assigned to write a case study paper in psychology that may be a difficult task for many beginners and if you are one of them, you should read our easy guide on how to write a case study report in psychology. Typically, the data for a case study are collected from different sources and by using a variety of methods, for example, observations, structured questionnaires, test scores, and interviews. The research may last for an extended period of time which makes possible to study processes and developments just as they happen. The case study research method was first applied in clinical medicine and now it is widely used in different branches of psychology such as child psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, and more. A case study for psychology is not a research method in itself – the researchers have to choose some specific methods of collecting and analyzing data that will help to generate material suitable for case studies. The main sources of data for psychology case studies are †¢ observations of a person’s daily routine †¢ unstructured interviews with a person or the people who know her/him †¢ personal diaries, †¢ personal notes (photos, letters, notes) †¢ official documents (clinical notes, case notes, appraisal reports, etc.) Of course, most of this information is qualitative (verbal descriptions), but psychologists might also do a qualitative research and gather numerical data. In psychology case studies are often devoted to studying a personality of a particular individual. When writing a personality psychology case study, you should perform a detailed investigation and give a description of an individual’s history and his current status. Your case study report should include information about the person’s family history, his/her educational background, a history of emotional problems, employment record, and a medical history. Advantages of a case study in psychology: †¢ It gives detailed (qualitative) information †¢ It reveals insight for further research †¢ It allows to investigate some unethical situations †¢ It can be used as an important way of illustrating theories But case studies have a number of limitations: †¢ The results of case studies can’t be generalized to a wider population †¢ Researchers’ own subjective opinions can influence the interpretation of results (researcher bias) †¢ They are difficult to replicate. †¢ Psychology case studies are time-consuming. How to Do Case Study Research in Psychology When doing your case study, you should follow certain steps of case study method in psychology. But keep in mind that any case study that you have to carry out for your psychology lab assignment cannot be so detailed, in-depth, and extensive as any formal research study. Data collection First, you should gather relevant information about the participant of your case study from all available sources. You can interview your participant and his/her family and friends. You can also do your own observation and include the participant’s self-report of his/her experience and the available results of psychological testing on the participant. Data analysis Summarize the results of your observations and interviews and write a description of the participant for the Results section of your psychology case study report. It would be about 2-4 pages. Your summary should be focused on the topic question, but you should also include subsection presenting some general information, for example, participant history and his/her family origin and current functioning (education, occupation, family status). Besides, you should provide a description of the presenting problem. Make sure to take necessary steps to protect the participant’s confidentiality and avoid very specific details which may damage your participant’s anonymity. Presentation of the results in your research report Your case study report should be formatted in APA style and generally include the following sections: Introduction You have to review the previous research and different theories on your research topic Methods You should present a general description of your participant Materials Provide description of all material that you may have used, for example, online personality test Procedures Describe your methods of collecting data (observation, interviews, etc.) Results Present the summary of your case study in 2-4 pages. Don’t use any citation here because here you should describe your results. Discussion Provide interpretation of your participant’s case from the perspective of the contemporary theory and current research. You should include the theory and research that were discussed in your introduction and some other research or theory that can help analyze your case study and interpret the results. This section should also include a note on the limitations of your study. As you see, writing a psychology case study is not easy and requires strong analytical and critical thinking skills. If you are not confident in your ability to do this tricky assignment on your own, you can easily get professional writing help if you hire an expert writer on our paper writing service. We can help you in writing a case study of developmental psychology, psychotherapy or any other branch of psychology. Our experienced writer can provide you with a perfectly written model case study that can serve you as a great template.

Propaganda Spewed From The Capital - 998 Words

For the next two years leading up to April 6, 1994, propaganda spewed from the capital. Tactics were used to create suspicion, stir up fear of another attack by the FPR and unite the Hutus under a common hatred for the Tutsis. The government was propagating a campaign: the â€Å"aim both to win over the uncommitted and to cause divisions among supporters of the other point of view. They must persuade the public that the adversary stands for war, death, slavery, repression, injustice, and sadistic cruelty† (Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J., 1999). â€Å"The Hutu extremists promoted their anti-Tutsi agenda...via newspapers and radio stations† (The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2016). The government used newspapers, such as the†¦show more content†¦The following day, Prime Minister of Rwanda, Agathe Uwilingiyimana was assassinated, as she was a moderate Hutu. Moderate Hutus, Hutus who opposed or did not support the regime in Rwanda, Hutus or foreigners who had business or personal relationships with Tutsis, unemployed people, and all Tutsis were considered the enemy of the government of Rwanda. Militia members the Rwandan Army began attacks all across Rwanda with efficiency, first starting in Kigali and the northwestern city of Gisenyi. â€Å"By Monday, April 11, an estimated 20,000 Rwandans had been slain, the vast majority of them Tutsi. But†¦ many Hutu also feared for their lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J., 1999). Nowhere was safe. â€Å"At first assailants generally operated in small bands and killed their victims where they found them, in their homes, on the streets, at the barriers. But, as early as the evening of April 7, larger groups seized the opportunity for more intensive slaughter as frightened Tutsi—and some Hutu—fled to churches, schools, hospitals, and government offices that had offered refuge in the past† (1999). There the killers found thousands of Tutsi men, women, and children, and killed, raped, and tortured them. â€Å"From April 11 to the first of May, killers carried out the most devastati ng massacres of the genocide, in some cases slaying hundreds or even thousands of people in one or two days† (1999). Liebhafsky, D. F., Longman, T. P., Rone, J. goShow MoreRelatedAnother Failure Of The Secretariat Was That The Unamir1593 Words   |  7 Pagesand a request for more troops to prevent a massacre, he was in instead given unclear or simple no directions. (11) This left the force unable to defence civilians, and themselves, and gave the Blue Helmets absolutely no chance to stop the killings from occurring. (2) The International community failed to provide what they stated would accompany the UNAMIR mission, which even before this failure would not have been equipped to handle a genocide in Rwanda. They were promised twenty-two armoured personnelRead More Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay6707 Words   |  27 PagesMass Manipulation and Genocide: The Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda War and conquest have been among the most enduring traits of humankind throughout the ages. While we would all like to believe that we are, by nature, a peaceful species, we still understand there are some things worth fighting for, and given the appropriate context, there are some things worth killing for. As reasoning beings, we hope that if violence is the only option it is for a clear and legitimate purpose.Read More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesIp Anonymous Anonymous Cabin Kim 209 212 215 218 220 222 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The motivation to create the second edition of 65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays came from a recent rise in business school applications. With an abundance of qualified candidates to choose from, admissions officers can be more selective, making admission to top schools even more challenging for applicants. The Harbus, the Harvard Business School weekly student newspaper, recognizes that

How to Say And in Mandarin

Some English words have several possible Mandarin Chinese translations. Knowing when to use the correct word is one of the main challenges for both beginner-level Mandarin students and professional translators alike. For example, the English word for can has at least three possible Mandarin translations: èÆ' ½ (nà ©ng), Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥ (kÄ› yÇ ), and ä ¼Å¡ (huà ¬). Another English word with multiple translations is â€Å"and.† You may think that there can be no possible variations for and, but there are many different meanings for this word. It depends on the subtle nuances of the speaker or writers meaning or the context in which this conjunction is used. Joining Nouns In sentences that combine nouns or noun phrases, there are three ways to say and. All three of these connectors are interchangeable and commonly used. They are: Hà ©Ã¢    : å’Å'Hà  n⠁   : å’Å'GÄ“n⠁   : è ·Å¸ Note that hà © and hà  n use the same character. The hà  n pronunciation is most commonly heard in Taiwan. The example sentences are given first in English, followed by a transliteration in Chinese called  pinyin,  a Romanization system used to help beginners learn Mandarin. Pinyan  transcribes the sounds of Mandarin using the Roman  alphabet. Pinyin is most commonly used in Mainland China for teaching school children to read and it is also widely used in teaching materials designed for Westerners who wish to learn Mandarin.  The sentences are then listed in Chinese characters in traditional and simplified forms where appropriate. He and I are colleagues.WÇ’ hà  n tÄ  shà ¬ tà ³ngshà ¬.我å’Å'ä »â€"æ˜ ¯Ã¥ Å'ä ºâ€¹ Both pineapple and mango are good to eat.Fà ¨nglà ­ hà © mà ¡ngguÇ’ dÃ… u hÄ›n hÇŽo chÄ «.(traditional form) é ³ ³Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ'(simplified form) å‡ ¤Ã¦ ¢ ¨Ã¥â€™Å'芒æžÅ"éÆ' ½Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Æ' She and mom went for a walk.TÄ  gÄ“n mÄ ma qà ¹ guà  ng jiÄ“.Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥ ª ½Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¨ ·Å¸Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥ ¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€" This pair of shoes and that pair of shoes are the same price.Zhà ¨ shuÄ ng xià © gÄ“n nà   shuÄ ng xià © jià  qian yà ­yà  ng.這雙鞋è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã©â€ºâ„¢Ã©Å¾â€¹Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã©Å' ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¨ £Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥ Å'éž‹è ·Å¸Ã©â€š £Ã¥ Å'éž‹ä » ·Ã©â€™ ±Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   · Joining Verbs The Mandarin Chinese character ä ¹Å¸ (yÄ›) is used to join verbs or verb phrases. It translates as either â€Å"and† or â€Å"also.† I like to watch movies and listen to music.WÇ’ xÇ huan kà  n dià  nyÇ ng yÄ› xÇ huan tÄ «ng yÄ «nyuà ¨.我åâ€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã¨  ½Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¤ ¹Å¸Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¥  ¬Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹  He doesn’t like to go for walks and he doesn’t like to exercise.TÄ  bà ¹ xÇ huan guà  ng jiÄ“ yÄ› bà ¹ xÇ huan yà ¹ndà ²ng.ä »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ­ ¡Ã© â€¹Ã¥â€¹â€¢Ã¤ »â€"ä ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã©â‚¬â€ºÃ¨ ¡â€"ä ¹Å¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€"Å"æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨ Other Transition Words There are a few Mandarin Chinese words that can be translated as â€Å"and,† but which more accurately mean â€Å"furthermore, â€Å"moreover,† or other such transition words. These words are sometimes used to show a cause-and-effect relationship between the two phrases. Chinese transition words include: Ér qiÄ› - è€Å'ä ¸â€: additionally  Bà ¬ng qiÄ› - ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional) / Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified): and; moreoverRà ¡n hà ²u - ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å' / ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½: and thenYÇ  hà ²u - ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å' / ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½: and afterHà ¡i yÇ’u -  Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ / è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰: even more; on top of thatCÇ  wà  i -  Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€": furthermore Ér qiÄ› è€Å'ä ¸â€ additionally Bà ¬ng qiÄ› ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€ (traditional)Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€ (simplified) andmoreover Rà ¡n hà ²u ç„ ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½ and then YÇ  hà ²u ä » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'ä » ¥Ã¥ Å½ and after Hà ¡i yÇ’u é‚„æÅ"‰è ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰ even moreon top of that CÇ  wà  i æ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€" furthermore Sentence Examples of Transition Words As noted, the particular form of and that you use in Mandarin Chinese depends heavily on the context and meaning of the word. It can be helpful, therefore, to peruse some example sentences to see how the different forms of and are used in various contexts. This is a very good movie and (moreover) the music is very nice.Zhà ¨ bà ¹ dià  nyÇ ng hÄ›nhÇŽokà  n à ©rqiÄ› yÄ «nyuà ¨ hÄ›nhÇŽo tÄ «ng.這éÆ' ¨Ã©â€º »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¨  ½Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã©Æ' ¨Ã§â€ µÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å"‹è€Å'ä ¸â€Ã©Å¸ ³Ã¤ ¹ Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥  ¬ This knapsack is very practical and (furthermore) the price is reasonable.Zhà ¨gà ¨ fà ¡ngshuÇ  bÄ“ibÄ o hÄ›n shà ­yà ²ng bà ¬ngqiÄ› jià  gà © hà ©lÇ .這個é˜ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¯ ¦Ã§â€ ¨Ã¤ ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¥Æ' ¹Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€ Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ©Ëœ ²Ã¦ ° ´Ã¨Æ'Å'Ã¥Å'…å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¥ ¹ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€Ã¤ » ·Ã¦   ¼Ã¥ Ë†Ã§ â€  We can first go have dinner and then see a movie.WÇ’men xiÄ n qà ¹ chÄ « wÇŽncÄ n rà ¡nhà ²u zà  i qà ¹ kà  n dià  nyÇ ng.我們先åŽ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ ¾Å'å† Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹é› »Ã¥ ½ ±Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥â€¦Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã¥ Æ'晚é ¤ Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¥â€  Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹ç” µÃ¥ ½ ± Eat dinner, and then you can eat dessert.ChÄ « wà ¡n wÇŽncÄ n yÇ hà ²u jià ¹ nà ©ng chÄ « tià ¡n diÇŽn.Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"é »Å¾Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ Æ'Ã¥ ®Å'晚é ¤ Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ Æ'ç”Å"ç‚ ¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Im cold because I didnt wear enough clothes, and on top of that its snowing now.WÇ’ lÄ›ng yÄ «nwà ¨i wÇ’ chuÄ n bà ¹gà ²u yÄ «fà º, hà ¡i yÇ’u xià  nzà  i xià   xuÄ›le.我å† ·Ã¥â€º  Ã§â€š ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤  Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã©â€šâ€žÃ¦Å"‰ç  ¾Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€  ·Ã¥â€º  Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã§ © ¿Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¤Å¸Ã¨ ¡ £Ã¦Å" Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ¦Å"‰çŽ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ªÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š Lets quickly go see the cherry blossoms. The weather is nice today, furthermore it will rain tomorrow.WÇ’men kuà  i qà ¹ kà  n yÄ «nghuÄ . TiÄ nqà ¬ hÄ›n hÇŽo, cÇ wà  i mà ­ngtiÄ n huà ¬ xià   yÇ”.我們å ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ « »Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¦Å"Æ'ä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥ ¿ «Ã¥Å½ »Ã§Å"‹æ ¨ ±Ã¨Å  ±Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¥ ¤â€"明å ¤ ©Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨Ã£â‚¬â€š

Description and Analysis of the Different Types of Gangs...

Historically, gangs began to develop around the time frame of the 1970’s. Irish gangs have been known to be the first initial gang, followed by the Germans, Jewish, and Italians (Pacheco, 2010, p. 10). Gangs are larger in population and tend to be more prevalent in the United States, compared to other countries. In 2008, statistics showed that there were 20,000 active gangs and more than 1 million gang members in the United States (Pacheco, 2010, p. 12). According to Pacheco (2010) there are different types of gangs. Although these gangs are formed for individual purposes, broken up, they can form a multitude of different types of gangs. There are your traditional gangs (Crips, Bloods). Business, profit gangs, which are generated†¦show more content†¦They tend to wear specific tattoos and clothing. These individuals concerns are more profit than turf oriented. They are often involved in drug trafficking, extortion, auto theft, home invasions, and insurance fra ud. Law enforcement has more difficulty investigating these gangs due to language barriers, and lack of culture oriented undercover agents. Initiation into Asian gangs usually involves committing some sort of crime (Walker, 2013). There are various African American gangs such as: Crips and Bloods, Bounty Hunter Bloods, Black Guerilla Family, and Black Disciples etc.†¦ The most common known African American gangs are the Crips and Bloods. They are known to be involved in robberies, drive by shootings, murders, assaults, burglaries, and drug trafficking. They wear specific clothing based on certain colors, and have tattoos that relate to their gang. The ages of these members varies dramatically from very young to middle aged individuals. Initiation can take on a multitude of forms (Walker, 2013). Most of these gangs main bases of location are California (Los Angeles), Chicago, Washington D.C, and New York. While these are their main populated areas there are many of thes e same gangs in all cities across the United States (Walker, 2013). The criminal justice system has responded by doing long term investigations into these gangsShow MoreRelatedFrom the Graveyard of the Arousal Industry by Justin Pearson1516 Words   |  7 Pagesideology is a set of values held by a particular group with the intended purpose of influencing the behavior of others. More than this, culture is the way in which we express ourselves, and how we share it with the world around us. In this sense, culture is also different from ideology in that the values retained within a specific culture are left open to interpretation and exploration, rather than being urged to be accepted by others. Take Jehovahs Witnesses for example; if you have ever livedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Scott Pruitt And The Environment1538 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of climate change, he is a pro-industry former attorney general of Oklahoma. 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Hernandez-Eva Benitez, Jaclyn Ngan-Sindy, Jason Finn-Marcus, John Benjamin Hickey- Brian Gelsord, Plot Summary The movie â€Å"Freedom Writers† is based on aRead MoreWhen Would Different Research Methods be Appropriate in Criminal Justice and Security Management Research?3177 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿When Would Different Research Methods be Appropriate in Criminal Justice and Security Management Research Introduction The social sciences employ three main types of research methodologies: qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed-methods research. Qualitative research is a catch-all term that describes field research within social settings (Saint-Germain, 2002). It does not have a control group or require the researchers to impose variables and is not going to be sufficientRead MoreEffects of Tax Evasion9101 Words   |  37 PagesPublishers. Printed in The Netherlands. Decomposing Revenue Effects of Tax Evasion and Tax Structure Changes ARINDAM DAS-GUPTA* oldmonk87@yahoo.com Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, B MCC Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India IRA N. GANG gang@economics.rutgers.edu Department of Economics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1248 USA Abstract This paper proposes a method for evaluating the impact of tax structure changes on tax revenue. The technique consists of decomposingRead MoreQualitative Research Essay3386 Words   |  14 Pagesknowledge is by carrying out some research. As what Zacharia (2012) stated that in daily life most people conduct research to gain knowledge. A research can be carried out qualitatively or quantitatively depends on the research purposes and needs and the type of information the researcher is seeking. 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History Of Islam Essay - 1650 Words

When Charles Martel defeated the Muslims in Spain and stopped their advance into greater Europe (Ahmed 67)0, he most likely did not know just how much of an effect his victory had on the history of not only Europe, but of the known world. The fact that Islam may have overtaken the rest of the world had it not been for that crucial battle attests to the strength of this relatively new religion. If the strength of the religion is dependent upon those who start it, then it is important to analyze the life of the one key character in history who began it all. That key character is Muhammad, the man that is known as the first and last true prophet of Islam. Muhammad, the great prophet and founder of Islam, was born in 570 AD, and was soon an†¦show more content†¦On the Last Day, all the dead will be resurrected and either rewarded with heaven or punished with hell. On the last day, or judgment day, the same holds true in Muhammads Islamic teachings as does in modern day Christian beliefs, the dead will be resurrected and either rewarded with heaven or punished with hell. When Muhammad and his followers began to speak out against the pagan and immoral practices in Mecca and began teaching the above doctrine, they threatened the trade brought in by the pilgrims, which enraged the local merchants. Under serious persecution, Muhammad and his followers fled to the town of Medina, 240miles north of Mecca, in 622. This event has become known as the Hegira and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. While in Medina, Muhammad and his men trained not only in religious aspects, but also trained to be mighty warriors. They attacked caravans going to and from Mecca for supplies and new recruits. They gathered more support as the years went on and became a powerful force ready for battle. In630, that battle came. Muhammad and his men attacked and seized Mecca in 630 and destroyed all of the 360 idols within the Kaba, with the exception of the sacred stone, which is still a revered Muslim artifact. It was during the Medina years that the basics of the Islamic beliefs came into focus. Firstly, all followers were to be fair and just in all that they did, includingShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Islam And Islam1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Islam Islam is a religion that was founded in 622 C.E. Its origin is traced to the Arabian Peninsula, and currently has an estimated 1.5 billion followers’ worldwide. The sacred texts that are associated with Islam is the Qur’an and Allah is the Deity they pay homage to. Muslims believe that there is only one true God and several time per day, they stop everything to participate in prayer rituals. The region, in which Islam was founded, was a melting pot of religious beliefs. 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Mental Illness Understanding Depression Free Essays

Understanding Depression Cassie McFadden General Psychology Understanding Depression Many mental health disorders may affect one’s life to a point of not being able to function. However, one of the most common is depression which is a mental illness causing continuous lethargy, sadness, and even thoughts of suicide. Like many other health conditions, there are several possible symptoms and the disease is not exactly the same in any two people. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness: Understanding Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the National Institute of Mental Health common symptoms include, but are not limited to sadness, anxiety, or a hollow feeling, feelings of guilt, irritability, lack of interest or participation in previous hobbies or sex, fatigue, lethargy, increased difficulty remembering or concentrating, insomnia or hypersomnia, eating too little or too much, persistent headaches or body aches. Depression can occur in anyone at any point in their life. â€Å"Most likely, depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain. Longstanding theories about depression suggest that important neurotransmitters—chemicals that brain cells use to communicate—are out of balance in depression. But it has been difficult to prove this. † (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012) Although depression is not prejudice and can occur in anyone, women are most commonly affected by the illness. â€Å"Biological, life cycle, hormonal, and psychosocial factors that women experience may be linked to women’s higher depression rate. Researchers have shown that hormones directly affect the brain chemistry that controls emotions and mood. † (National Institute of Mental Health) In conclusion, depression is a very serious illness that affects many people every day. Especially for people suffering from chronic or severe depression, it may seem like there is not any hope. However, depression can be managed with proper medications which will promote a happier and healthier life. References * National Institute of Mental Health (2012). Depression Retrieved from http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/depression/what-causes-depression. shtml How to cite Mental Illness: Understanding Depression, Essay examples

Acid Rain free essay sample

Air pollution causes acid rains. Power plants and other industries generate airborne acids and pollutants, which combine with the rainfall. If the pH value of rain or snow or fog is less than 5.6, it is termed acid rain. Acid rain causes severe damage to the environment and depletes the soil of its nutrients. This affects the growth of trees and renders lakes and rivers less habitable for fish and other animals. The Eastern parts of North America, European region, Japan, China and Southeast Asia are most affected, on account of acid rain (Hart). Despite these negative characteristics, acid pollution has shielded the earth. It has reflected a significant portion of the sunlight, back into the space. Consequently, the process of global warming has slowed down. Many scientists have declared that acid pollution had prevented the early onset of global warming in the Twentieth century (Hart). Industrialization and urbanization generate the highest rate of emission of the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. These areas receive frequent acid rains. The acidity of rainfall is directly related to the levels of emissions of pollutants by industries. Therefore, acidic precipitation is caused by the emission of industrial gases and pollutants into the atmosphere. The chief causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which generate sulfuric and nitric acids, due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere (Acid rain ). The burning of fossil emits sulfur dioxide, and this is almost 85% in Europe. Power generating plants and chemical plants produce sulfur dioxide gas. Nitrogen dioxide and Nitrogen oxide are chiefly emitted by thermal power stations that burn fossil fuels. Fossil fuels, like coal, natural gas, and oil produce greenhouse gases, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide on combustion. These oxides combine with water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid (Acid rain ). The acid pollutants reach the higher altitudes of the atmosphere and finally return to the earth as rainfall, snow or fog. Atmospheric processes regulate the transport of acidic substances and their deposit. The chemical and atmospheric processes are interdependent and complex. The physical processes of atmosphere include the transportation of pollutants by the winds and the formation of clouds. Rainfall and deposit of pollutants are controlled by these physical processes, whereas the chemical reactions regulate the formation of different compounds and their deposit (Acid rain ). Acid rains initiate chemical reactions on coming into contact with other objects. They are corrosive in nature and produce an immediate chemical action with other substances. The number of free hydrogen atoms that result from dissolving a substance in water, determines its acidity. The acidity of a substance is measured by the pH scale, which comprises of units from 0 to 14. Substances whose pH value is less than 7 are acidic. On the other hand, alkalis accept hydrogen atoms from acids (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). The action of alkalis is opposite to that of the acids. Alkalis or bases have pH values greater than 7. A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral substance that is neither acidic nor alkaline. Pure water is assigned a pH value of 7 (Park) Acid rains leach the soil of nutrients that are essential for the growth of plants. Toxic substances such as aluminum and mercury are dissolved by acid rain, from the soil of some areas. These dissolved toxins contaminate water sources; and are absorbed by plants, when they take up water. The deposit of acidic substances depends on the nature of the soil. Alkaline soils neutralize acid deposits; whereas thin mountain soils, which are formed by granite or gneiss, temporarily store acid deposits, for a short period (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Acid rain washes away the nutrients from the soil, and this has an adverse effect on the growth of plants and trees. Acid rain bleaches the wax coating of leaves resulting in the development of dead spots in trees. If the number of such spots on a tree increases, then the tree would be unable to perform photosynthesis (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Trees become vulnerable to infections through leaves with dead spots. In this manner, acid rain weakens the trees and exposes them to threats like insect infestations, drought and cold. Acid rains mainly affect forests than farm crops. This is because the soil in farms is capable of neutralizing and absorbing acidic substances in large quantities. However, farm crops in mountain soils depict greater vulnerability to acid rains. The thin soils in those regions cannot neutralize or absorb acidic substances (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide).   Finally, the acid rain reaches streams, lakes and marshes. In winter, the waters are covered with snow; which absorbs toxic substances. In spring, the snow melts and makes the water acidic (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). In general, water has a pH value between 6 and 8. However, in some lakes of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, the pH value of water was found to be less than 5. Scientists have determined that acid rain had causes these waters to become acidic. Aquatic life does not survive in such acidic water. Several of the lakes and ponds in the Adirondack Mountain region of New York State are acidic. This acidity has rendered them bereft of aquatic life (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Streams in the middle Appalachian Mountain range are found to be acidic. Moreover, the major rivers of Norway have become acidic, due to acid rains. As a result, the salmon fish population in these rivers has reduced to a considerable extent (Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide). Land animals that feed on aquatic life would be affected adversely. Furthermore, several research studies have shown that the snail population, in the water that has been contaminated by acid rain was on the decline. In addition, songbirds in the Netherlands feed on snails; and a decrease in the population of snails, would gravely affect these birds, as they would be unable to procure snails to feed themselves. Moreover, the egg shells of songbirds could be weakened, because these birds receive calcium from snail shells. Acid rains damage structures in cities and many historical monuments like the Parthenon in Athens and the Taj Mahal in India have been badly affected by acid pollution (Hart). It has been observed that freshwater clams and mayfly are on the verge of extinction. Moreover, frogs feed on mayflies and their extinction could adversely affect the population of frogs. If the pH level of water approaches 5, fish cannot hatch their eggs. If the pH value of water reaches 4.5, then it becomes sterile water, and is no longer capable of supporting any form of life (Hart). Several countries have made endeavors to mitigate the problem of acid pollution; and to control the emission of sulfuric dioxide, which is the primary cause of acid rains and acid pollution. For instance, in 1985, the Thirty Percent Club was formed by 19 countries. The aim of this club was to reduce emissions by 30% by the end of 1993. The Member States of the European Union have also consented to reduce the emissions of SO2 by 20% (Acid rain. The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia). Wildlife and plants are affected to a significant extent by acid rain. Animals that feed on plants would be deprived of food and the ecological balance would be endangered. Some aquatic species could cease to exist due to acidity. In urban areas, acid rains damage buildings and statues. Urban smog forms due to the combination of acids and other chemical pollutants. People in cities suffer from this pollution, which causes respiratory problems and accelerates their death. Works Cited Acid rain . 2004. 17 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5966921/.. Acid rain. The Crystal Reference Encyclopedia. 2005. 18 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/5715329/.. Acids in the Environment. The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. 2008. 17 April 2009 http://www.credoreference.com/entry/8002142/.. Hart, John. Acid Rain. Microsoft ® Student 2008 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2007. Park, Chris C. Acid rain:rhetoric and reality. Taylor Francis, 1987. P. 23.